The most common prepositions of location are

in
on
at
(See: In, On, At)

by
near
nearby
above
below
over
under
up
down
around
through
inside
outside (of)
between
beside
beyond
in front of
in back of
behind
next to
on top of
within
beneath
underneath
among
along
against

These prepositions are most commonly followed by "the" and a noun.
Both the speaker and the listener likely know which object is being referred to.

Examples,

The keys are on the table. (We both know which table.)
The post office is next to the bakery. (Not: next to bakery)

Occasionally, prepositions can be used with "a/an."
This usually indicates that the speaker knows of the place, but the listener does not.

For example,

I live by a river. (You probably don't know which one.)
I live by the river. (You know the river I'm talking about.)

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.
Examples:

A: Where's your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.

A: Really? What part of Taipei?

B: It's on Chung Shan North Road.

A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?

B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.

C: When is the wedding?

D: It's in June.

C: What day?

D: It's on Saturday, the 25th.

C: What time?

D: It starts at 6:00.

Prepositions with articles and locations

When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:

at the swimming pool (on site)
in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)

at the post office/bank (general)
in the post office/bank (inside the building)

at the zoo (visitors, general area)
in the zoo (animals in their cages)

at school
in the classroom

Sample sentences:

I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)

She works at the library on Wednesdays.

She found a rare coin in the library (building).

Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.

John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.

For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:

"practice"/situation
building

in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.)
in the school (building)

in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal)
in the jail/prison (temporary)

in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.)
in the church (building)

Where's Dad?

in church (attending services)
in the church (fixing the windows)

at church
at the church

in prison (He committed a crime.)
at the prison (visiting his friend)

Prepositions and Subordinators

Be careful with the following words:

During is a preposition. It cannot be used as a subordinator
X During I was a child, I lived in Denmark
During my childhood, I lived in Denmark.
While I was a child, I lived in Denmark.

In spite of/Despite are prepositions. They cannot be used as subordinators.

X In spite of I was very young, I still got the job.
In spite of my youth, I still got the job.
Although I was very young, I still got the job.

Before, After, and Until can be used as either prepositions or subordinators.

Do not go outside after it is dark.
Do not go outside after dark.
I worked until 9:00 this evening.
I worked until my replacement showed up.

For and Since have many uses.

For as a coordinating conjunction.

I cannot tell a lie, for that would be dishonest. (for means because)

For in phrases of duration

He lived in New Jersey for five years.

For to indicate "on behalf of"

He fixed the TV for his daughter.

For to indicate intended recipient

I bought this for you.

For to indicate occasion

I bought this for Christmas.

For to indicate cost

I bought this for $399.

For to indicate purpose

I bought this for fun.

Since to indicate duration

I have been in Toledo since last Tuesday. (preposition)
I have been in Toledo since I was a child. (subordinator)

Since to indicate reason

Since I have nothing else to do, I will attend your party.

Yet can be used as a conjunction or an adverb.

She hasn't arrived yet.
He worked hard, yet he wasn't able to complete the job on time.

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